Orcad Capture 23.1 won't back annotate from Orcad X / PCB Designer

It is Important to keep the schematic design and board file in sync before any change is done on the board file.

To bring them in sync, update the board with the schematic with the following steps >
1.Go to PCB > Update Schematic.
2.Click on Sync to update the board with the schematic design.
Update Schematic shows all the changes which are being done from the schematic to the board file.

Which changes you are Back annotating in the schematic design.  Also, Is there any mechanical part which is placed in the schematic design? 

No mechanical parts.  I did have some mechanical parts on the schematic (just arrows with no pins) but I removed them to see if that would fix the problem - it did not. 

In one design, I ran the back annotation (PCB > Update Schematic) after renumbering refdes on pcb.  I get the expected preview as shown below.  When clicking Sync, though, it fails to update and the error message pops up in Capture, and the Capture session log displays the "physical error" info.

I got the same when I ran the back annotate from Capture.  

As it may need data sharing to debug this issue, I will be contacting you through separate channel of communication.

As per our discussion after making the schematic and layout in sync and renaming the refdes in OrCAD X Presto and saving .brd you were able to back annotate the changes in OrCAD X Capture without getting any error.